The purposes of this exhibit are: Review the anatomy of the thalamus and basal ganglia, including its anatomical limits, vascularization characteristics and normal CT and MR imaging findings and related clinical syndromes. Discuss and illustrate the imaging patterns of the main lesions in the thalamus and basal ganglia, including vascular, metabolic, traumatic, tumoral, inflammatory, infectious, among others. Describe through illustrative cases the scenarios for diagnosis, focusing on typical imaging patterns, unexpected findings and red flags that aid the diagnosis.

Anatomy of the thalamus and basal ganglia. Main pathologies involving the thalamus and basal ganglia.Metabolic disorders - Hyperammonemia; Non-ketotic hyperglycemia; Hypoglycemia; Leigh's disease; Wilson's disease; Osmotic myelinolysis; Wernicke's encephalopathyVascular disorders - Cerebral venous thrombosis; Arterial occlusion (artery of Percheron territory infarct); Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.Degeneratives disorders - Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; Fahr diseaseInflammatory and infectious - Behçet's disease MS, NMOSD, MOG; ADEM; Viral encephalitis; COVID-19; Toxoplasmosis; Tuberculosis; Primary CNS vasculitisNeoplasms - Glioma; CNS lymphoma; Neurofibromatosis type 1; GerminomaTraumatic - Traumatic axonal injuryToxic poisoning - Carbon monoxide; Methanol; Vigabatrin poisoning; CarbamateRed flags and diagnostic approach.